The Panchatantra of Vishnusharma

Authored in about 345–300 BCE by Vishnusharma the Panchatantra has long been considered one of India’s invaluable gifts to the world. Its creation is the stuff of legend: in an effort to expedite the education of his three unschooled sons the wise King Amarashakti of Mahilaropya sought out the octogenarian scholar Vishnusharma who was known for his inventive teaching methods. Vishnusharma not only accepted the task of educating the princes but also said that he would accomplish it in six months. The Nitishastra he used to teach the princes was one he composed specifically for the purpose and this was called the Panchatantra—five treatises.
‘Mitra Bheda’ (breach of friendship) the longest of the sections is framed around the deep friendship between a lion Pingalaka and a bull Sanjivaka and narrates how they are turned against each other raising the question: can two animals who are natural enemies ever be friends? The second tantra ‘Mitra Samprapti’ (acquisition of friends) relates how a crow mouse tortoise and deer become friends and shows how friendship between the small and powerless is beneficial to all involved. ‘Kakolukiyam’ (of crows and owls) the third tantra is a narrative that draws from Kautilya’s six-fold state policy which is woven into the tantra’s frame story that describes a vendetta between crows and owls. The fourth tantra ‘Labdha Pranasham’ (loss of acquired gains) is centred around the well-known tale of a crocodile’s treasured friendship with a monkey and how he loses it when his wife develops a hankering for the monkey’s heart. ‘Aparikshita Karakam’ (impetuous actions) the last tantra is unique for its focus on human characters. The framing tale is about a barber who under a misconception assaults monks rashly assuming that this will bring him gold. It makes the case that reckless actions especially when they are triggered by greed end in failure and grief.
The sixty-nine stories in the Panchatantra cut a wide swathe depicting as large a slice of life as possible. The cast of characters consists of lions tigers wolves cats tortoises monkeys deer hares snakes; crows cranes and various other birds; and water creatures such as fish and crabs. There are also some humans such as weavers and barbers fowlers and hunters as well as wealthy merchants and ministers kings and along with these a smattering of priests. While in recent times it has been largely treated as children’s literature the Panchatantra is a timeless book of wisdom for all ages filled with tales laced with insight cogent witticisms and lessons about living. In this retelling of the ancient text Meena Arora Nayak creates a work that is lucid fluent and engaging while keeping the essence of its magnificence intact.